Research Study on Gender Bias in Education

Gender Biases in Education: Math Nicole S. Tester Bryant University Abstract This research project conducted was to find out whether women were more affected by gender based expectations than men. This was done by giving both young men and young women a simple standardized math test which most likely they had all been taught and exposed to in the past. This particular test was designed to be at or below the performance level of most college students. There was two versions of the test instructions, with one version providing information about men typically outperforming women on the test, and the other version stating the opposite.These instructions were used as a form of deception to prove my hypothesis. My hypothesis was that women would be more affected by this deception than would the men. My results proved otherwise. Results showed there was little difference in the way the women and men performed on these tests on either version. The ANOVA testing showed these clear results. Do es Performance Reflect Success? Gender biases are present in the American culture. Women are put in a stereotype as the one to stay at home cleaning and cooking while men are believed to have to bring home the paychecks. How we live though is not the only area with gender biases.There are biases when it comes to sports, who can do what jobs and even education. Women are believed to be better at the education aspects having to do with words and comprehension while men are believed to be better at numbers or math. In the research world there is much controversy on whether the bias presented is true or not. Researchers have not been able to support this belief or disregard it due to the many conflicting results. A study done with the purpose of determining whether gender expectations still exist in present time, resulted in the idea that more and more genders are becoming equal in education (Jordan 2008).It was found that both sexes are more likely than ever to complete their high scho ol education and even be able to obtain higher degree. The study also showed the gender gap in scores on the National Association of Education Progress becoming more and more narrow over time. Jordan does not refute the idea of gender bias in education but supported the idea that it is diminishing. These two researchers on the other hand, Fisher (2008) and Johnston (2005), have studies supporting their beliefs that gender biases in teaching are simply a myth.Both constructed research to support the idea that neither females nor males perform differently according to gender expectation or that these gender expectations are implemented at all. Fisher more, specifically, researching in math and Johnston in math and education. Chapman (2012) and Goetz (1996) though, both have studies that seem to prove otherwise. Chapman conducted a study, in Canada, which lead to the belief that gender discrepancies in teaching and education focus more positively on females. Chapman believes males are the ones taking losses in education expectancies.Goetz on the other hand, researched and came up with results which led him to believe American educators focus their attention more on males allowing them a positive advantage. After learning so much from previous research it can be accurately inferred that the gender bias in education does exist. A psychologist, Ghandi (2006) stated in his study the truth behind the bias. He used this truth to conduct a study in which he found that women not only believe the bias but are subject to it when they are told they will fail due to their gender.This particular study is what laid down the foundation for my research study. All of the above researchers knew the biased existed and all tried to support it or disprove it. This research project has one purpose; to find out not if gender biases exist but whether women are affected by these gender based expectations more than men. In many colleges and universities women are very comfortable with the ir gender; they are powerful, and successful. There are clubs devoted to women’s sexuality, success, and even fashion senses.There are awards given to women who have gotten superior grades, been offered great jobs, or are simply a success. Knowing this, what I want to learn is whether these women who are so highly praised and allowed the same success as men are still subjects to gender based expectations, more specifically in learning and education. In my study I will be deceiving the participants into thinking that only women will be successful in this study or to another group I will be saying only men will be successful. The way this will be done is by using simple high school level math tests. Before he test I will be falsely informing half of my participants (equal number of females and males) that only men will pass this test, and then I will repeat this with the other half of my participants but falsely informing them of the opposite. The fact that I will play on women ’s vulnerability will allow me to learn whether these very empowered and successful women will still be so after being told they will fail before even trying. My hypothesis is that these women will be affected by such a statistic and depending on the false statistic they get, they will fulfill it. Methods ParticipantsForty eight undergraduate volunteers (24 males and 24 females) from Bryant University took part in this study. The average age of participants was recorded at 20. 22 years (SD=1. 13). No cultural or ethnic backgrounds were recorded. With help from different psychology professors a general description was given out within psychology classes and volunteers were recruited. To these participants in particular extra credit was allotted. The rest of the participants were recruited through word of mouth and e-mail in which they were once again given a general description of the study and asked whether they would be willing to volunteer.Each participant was tested indivi dually and required approximately 15 minutes to complete study. Materials The study consisted of participants completing a standardized math test, four survey questions, and a deceptive article which can all be found in the appendix. The math test was found in an SAT math test practice site. This math test worked as the channel for the dependent variable (result on the test). The survey questions asked were simply used for collecting information. The questions did not ask sensitive information or anything that would put any participant at risk.Finally, the short article was written by myself and is completely fictional. It falsely informed the participants on information regarding SAT tests and reported false statistics on men outperforming women for half of the studies and the opposite for the other half. This was used as the deception part of the research which inconspicuously provided the participant with the independent variable (whether females or males pass this test) Procedur es Forty eight students were recruited (24 females and 24 males) from Bryant University as the participants of my study.They were all recruited through psychology classes in which Professors gave a brief overview of what my study entailed and from there proceeded to recruit. The participants recruited in such a manner were rewarded with extra credit points in their class. The rest of the participants were recruited through word of mouth and group e-mails. With each participant recruited I have a brief explanation of what the study was comprised of, what it entailed, and more specifically what each participant would have to contribute. Once I recruited all participants which were necessary I began the research itself.At the start of their participation, each participant was handed a consent for in which they were asked to read thoroughly and if they agreed to the terms and conditions they were to sign and date. In the consent form participants were informed of their ability to leave the study at any time, their entitlement to any information and debriefing, on the confidentiality of the study and many more safety factors. To show the validity of the form I signed and dated on the same page each participant did right in front of them.Each participant agreed to the consent form allowing the study to continue. Once the consent form process was finished I would hand each participant the study packet. At this point they were told that each study was to be completed alone. The packet started off with an article which was entirely false and used to deceive each participant. On it there was made up information on the performance of genders on the SAT test throughout the past years. Each participant was informed that they would not be able to continue with the packet if they did not read these instructions.Once the instructions were read each participant could continue to the next section which consisted of the survey questions. These questions were purely used to colle ct data for analysis. Once the second part was completed each participant would continue on to the math portion of this study. The math portion of the test was a high school level standardized math test previously tested by college level participants. Each participant completed the math portion and would come to me to hand it in. when each individual would approach me I made sure to let them know the true nature of the study and informed them of the deceit.It was very important that no participant left the study with the false idea of one gender outperforming the other. I made sure each participant was thoroughly debriefed and had any questions they had answered. Results The data were analyzed using an ANOVA with the alpha level set at . 05. The main effect of gender participation was not significant, ? (1,44)=. 12, p=. 73, ? 2=. 003 and the main effect of gender test taking was not significant, ? (1,44)=. 00, p=1. 0, ? 2=. 00. However, the interaction between the gender participati on and gender test was marginally significant, ? (1,44)=2. 97, p=. 9, ? 2=. 06. Figure 1 shows a cross-over interaction in which the two variables almost perfectly interact. My hypothesis stated that women’s scores would be more affected by the test gender and the deception then would the men’s. The results of the tests did not vary according to the gender of the participant or gender of the test. My hypothesis was not supported by the above data. There was, however, a notable factor in the results and the fact that they were similar in score for both genders. Discussion No significant main effect for test gender or participant gender occurred in this study.When taking a math test right after reading a deceitful article about the tendency of males or females to outperform the opposite sex, neither gender’s score seemed to be affected. This particular result is not what I predicted in my original hypothesis. Straying away from my belief that women would underperf orm the men once they were deceived into believing they would be outperformed, the results disproved my hypothesis. This outcome is consistent with the research of Fisher (2008) and Johnston (2005) in finding there is no significant gab in the performance of females and males in the subject of math.The results are not consistent though with those findings by Ghandi (2006) a researcher whose findings state that women do poorly on math when they are told their gender is to blame. Some factors which may have led to the inconsistency between my hypothesis and my results can be attributed to the limitation when conducting this research. Being part of such a small university, my research was very limited in the sample size it could use. Three thousand undergraduate students was a small population to choose just forty eight participants from.This also lead to what I believe was a biased sample since each and every participant was also my friend. The fact that the participants had a relatio nship with me could have caused an over performance level which would not usually happen. Some internal validity which should be looked at was the fact that many variables were simply not recorded. These factors include the race and ethnicity of the participant, whether English was their native language, if they understood the deceiving article in the start, and whether they understood every question asked in the math portion.Another internal validity factor is the way in which data was recorded. If this study were to be repeated, observation should definitely be an alternative way of recording data. There was so much happening as I observed each and every participant complete my study. Participants would get frustrated or smile the whole way through. Sometimes they would try to help each other out when I looked the other way or simply just guessed the answers since they did not want to be taking a math test.Using a standardized that does not give anything in return to these partici pants, should not have been my only source of data since it was not the best way to find results. Regardless of the limitations, new studies and research in the field of gender differences in education have resulted with outcomes very similar to mine. Although my hypothesis was not supported, the consistency it has with the studies of Fisher (2008) and Johnston (2005) only come to show that this study will be supporting much research in the psychology world.My results will be one more way to support the idea that there is little or no difference in gender performance in math. In addition to replicating my results, future research might extend the finding by examining other subjects in the world of education. Expanding the testing to be possibly in language, critical thinking, sciences and also math may give a better understanding on whether there is a discrepancy in women’s performance when they are told they are going to fail. Future research might also want to expand their sample by moving to younger generations in school, possibly in igh school, and older generations in and out of school. By doing so the outcome may result more accurately and allow a better understanding of the prediction. In conclusion, gender performance on standardized math tests do not have a direct link to the subject or the belief that one gender will outperform the other. After testing 48 participants (24 female and 24 male), giving each the same exact standardized math test but deceiving each to think they would outperform or underperform the opposite sex, no gender seemed to truly outperform. Each gender resulted close to equal.The results did not support my hypothesis but it led the way to a new hypothesis and a completely new approach to this study. References Goetz, J. (1996). In Education Expert: Classroom Gender Bias Persists. Cornell Cronicle. Retrieved from http://www. news. cornell. edu/chronicle/96/4. 25. 96/gender. html. Jordan, J (2008) The Myth of Gender Bias in School. Retrieved March 8, 2012. From http://www. parentdish. com/2008/05/20/the-myth-of-gender-bias-in-school/ Fisher, M (2008) Study: No gender differences in math performance. University of Wisconsin-Madison News. Retrieved from http://www. news. wisc. edu/15412Johnston, T (2005) No evidence of innate gender differences in math and science, scholars assert. Stanford University News. Retrieved from http://news. stanford. edu/news/2005/february9/math-020905. html Gandhi, U. (2006) Gender bias in math skills doesn’t add up, scientists say. The Globe and Mail. Retrieved from http://www. theglobeandmail. com/news/technology/science/article197902. ece Chapman, A. (2012) Gender bias in education. Research Room. Retrieved from http://www. edchange. org/multicultural/papers/genderbias. html Table 1 Cross over interaction [pic] Appendix Survey questions Male/ Female (circle one)Date of Birth __________ Anticipated graduation year __________ Have you ever taken a standardized test (e xample: SAT) Math questions (standardized test) http://www. majortests. com/sat/problem-solving-test01 1. Of the following, which is greater than ? ? [pic]A. 2/5 [pic]B. 4/7 [pic]C. 4/9 [pic]D. 5/11 [pic]E. 6/13 2. If an object travels at five feet per second, how many feet does it travel in one hour? [pic]A. 30 [pic]B. 300 [pic]C. 720 [pic]D. 1800 [pic]E. 18000 3. What is the average (arithmetic mean) of all the multiples of ten from 10 to 190 inclusive? [pic]A. 90 [pic]B. 95 [pic]C. 100 [pic]D. 105 pic]E. 110 4. A cubical block of metal weighs 6 pounds. How much will another cube of the same metal weigh if its sides are twice as long? [pic]A. 48 [pic]B. 32 [pic]C. 24 [pic]D. 18 [pic]E. 12 5. In a class of 78 students 41 are taking French, 22 are taking German and 9 students are taking both French and German. How many students are not enrolled in either course? [pic]A. 6 [pic]B. 15 [pic]C. 24 [pic]D. 33 [pic]E. 54 6. If f(x) = Â ¦(x? – 50)Â ¦, what is the value of f(-5) ? [pic]A. 75 [pic]B. 25 [pic]C. 0 [pic]D. -25 [pic]E. -75 7. ( v2 – v3 )? = [pic]A. 5 – 2v6 [pic]B. 5 – v6 [pic]C. 1 – 2v6 [pic]D. 1 – v2 pic]E. 1 8. 230 + 230 + 230 + 230 = [pic]A. 8120 [pic]B. 830 [pic]C. 232 [pic]D. 230 [pic]E. 226 [pic] 9. Amy has to visit towns B and C in any order. The roads connecting these towns with her home are shown on the diagram. How many different routes can she take starting from A and returning to A, going through both B and C (but not more than once through each) and not travelling any road twice on the same trip? [pic]A. 10 [pic]B. 8 [pic]C. 6 [pic]D. 4 [pic]E. 2 [pic] 10. In the figure above AD = 4, AB = 3 and CD = 9. What is the area of triangle AEC ? [pic]A. 18 [pic]B. 13. 5 [pic]C. 9 [pic]D. 4. 5 [pic]E. 3

Mental Disorder

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Impact of Islam on Indian culture Essay

There is a close relationship between Islam and Indian. Islam is a religion that is based on Quran which explains revelations from god and is believed that it is unaltered throughout the decades. There is about 1.57 billion supporters which is the same number as of 23 percentage of earth’s population. It is the second-largest religion in the world and it is still growing fast. The support of Islam is called a Muslim. Islam’s prophet is Muhammad who was born in Mecca, was caravan merchant and he often recites Quran. There are five important pillars of Islam which are the basic concepts of worship, explaining Islamic law as well as every side of society and life and it also provides instruction about many things about environment, welfare, banking, etc. Five pillars are categorized as faith, prayer, haji, charity and ramadan. Reading Quran is highly recommended for muslims but it is not one of those pillars. In Islam, god is called Allah. There is a well-known sentence which people call Declaration of faith. It is â€Å"There is no god but god (Allah) and Muhammad is his messenger†. This quote implies that there is only one god who is Allah and all other ones are fake. Muslims believe that God is incomparable and the purpose of existence is to perform and serve Allah.Most muslims are either Sunni or Shia and approximately 13 percentage of Muslims live in Indonesia, the place with the largest Muslim-majority country and they have influenced on Indian culture heavily. Then how Islam has influenced Indians culturally and politically? Islam entered India in the 10th century A.D and created more ethnic complexity. When other ethnicities such as Greek, Mongolian, Parthian, and Scythian conquered India, they became Hinduised completely and assimilated with Indians. However Islam did not negotiated with Indians because Islam is monotheistic religion. Since total of four groups which are mughals, pathans, sayyeds and sheikhs did not unite with Hindu society, Indian ethnic system became much more complex. They created their own system, similar to caste system. Brahmins turned into Sayyeds and the rajputs who are descendents of Kshatriya merged into sheikhs, mughals and pathans. Before Isalm influenced Indians, their society was not divided into two separate  societies even though they had two religions which are Buddhism and Jainism. However Islam established India society into either Hindus or Muslims. Islam also brought Sufism to India. Sufism began as teaching religion more deeply in the Middle East about the Truth of Islam from Mohammad. Sufism involves an enlightened inner being with god and is an actualization of divine ethics. The practice of Sufism is selflessly involving with going forward with the truth by meaning of love and devotion. It could be called the way towards God or the spiritual path. The very basic concept of Sufism is to minimize individual identity as much as possible. One of other concepts of Sufism is that every religion offers a way to enlightenment and to true god realization, regardless of how it is fulfilled. It states that any god from any religion is all in equal position because they are derived from the same divine source. At first, the term Sufi was applied to those who had fully realized God, however it has became common to anyone who follows that particular spiritual way. Sufism is an important part of Islamic culture and society that also affects hugely in India. Related to Sufism, Islam propelled the Bhaktic cults. It is movement that is emotionally bonding with goddesses. It  was often expressed as chants, dances and drugs. The goal of this movement was to purify of the existing system. It affected greatly on many religious leaders. Bhaktic cult Muslim and Hindu traditions devoted on emergence of the new religion called Din-I-Illahi by Akbar later on. Culturally, Islam impacted Indians by teaching them forcefully and tested them on their faith. Islam made them adopt Muslim culinary. They adopted one of Muslim’s custom which is wearing sherwani, achkan, kurtha and pyjama. They also controlled Hindu women by imposing pardah. They had to wear pardah forcibly from being invaded or kidnapped. Islam also contributed in Art and literature in Hindu society. Islam constructed their places such as durbars and mosques which are ways to worship Allah in every country they conquered. There were often schools next to the mosque where people could learn and study about Quran. As Islam were developing their territory in India, many great schools, universities, libraries were established which led Indians to  be more knowledgeable. They also remodeled many temples that were previously ruined or damaged. They introduced of creating beautiful gardens in many places in India. Not only in the field of architecture, had Muslims done much on practicing of music which is a blend of Persia and Hindu. They invented many new musical instruments like Sarangi, Sitar and Tabla. Other than those examples that were mentioned previously in the essay, there are plenty of other things that Islam has influenced Indians. There were times that Indians had to follow what they did not really wanted, but with Islam’s help India was able to develop as a better, strong country in many different ways. They were able to have a better school system, more developed music and arts, overall more comfortable life for people. It is crucial to know about Islam and their culture as well as their background in order to understand Indian society.

Future Threats to Public Safety and Success in the War on Terror Research Paper

Future Threats to Public Safety and Success in the War on Terror - Research Paper Example Antonio Maria Costa can be quoted saying (2008) â€Å"Your citizens indeed say that what they fear the most is not terrorism, not climate change, not a financial crisis. It is public safety. And in the Americas, the biggest threat to public safety comes from drug trafficking and the violence perpetrated by organized crime†. Furthermore, Mr Costa stated that violence, gangs, kidnappings, brutality, and insurgences happening in different parts of the globe are drug related. Countless lives have been lost within in this gruesome problem. To make matters worse, innocent lives fall victims to it. From 2001 up to this date, it is still uncertain if we have really achieved success on the war on terror. The capture and execution of Saddam Hussein and the successful assassination of Osama bin Laden can be considered two of the greatest successes in what we call the war on terror. Assessing the war on terror is complex. We get different opinions from different people. Some way that it is a success, others say it is a depressing failure. We can read lots of resources which give us mixed views of the war’s status. One would be the fact that since 2001 there were no further terror attacks on American soil (Dart, 2012). This may mean that the war has been successful or it means that a terrorist plan has not been brought out yet. Although the war on terrorism may be hard to calculate, we cannot ignore that many nations are invested in the war. In spite of criticisms or compliments, everyone is pushing talks to counter

How fashion as a styling tool can be used for self expression Essay

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Four Phases and Rhetorical Purposes - Essay Example Phase 2 ads (Argument Spots) exhibit what the candidate stands for, his causes, ideas and concerns. Phase 3 ads (Attack Spots) are direct and personal attacks aimed to lessen the credibility of the opponent. Phase 4 ads (Visionary Spots) are used to draw the campaign to a close by providing a reflective, thoughtful or dignified view of the candidate—leaving the impression that he has the qualities of a leader and has the vision to move the country, state or city to progress. Trent and Friedenberg also identified three rhetorical purposes of political advertisements: (a) to extol the candidate’s virtues; (b) to condemn, attack or question the opponent; (c) to respond to an opponent’s attacks. This paper shall elaborate on the four stages of political advertisements by citing examples of television commercials, one for each stage and draw out the rhetorical purpose used by each ad. Barack Obama ran for presidency in 2008 under the Democratic Party with Republican J ohn McCain as his opponent. His â€Å"Country I Love† (2008) ad was a Phase 1 ad. It showed Obama’s early years—that he was raised by a single mom and his grandparents.

Statistical Data Analysis and findings of a survey (the survey is part Statistics Project

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Energy efficiency rating - Math Problem Example In comparing the means for both groups, using a 1% significance level, the two-tailed P value, at a 99% confidence interval, equals 0.6543. Thus, there is a 65.43% probability that the observed difference between the salaries between private and GOH nurses are actually more extreme than their true differences. At a 1% level of significance, this implies that there is not enough statistical evidence to indicate that the salaries in private hospitals are greater than those in GOH. b. Comparing the means between the previous and current salaries, the previous salaries' mean is higher than the current salaries. At a 99% confidence interval, the two-tailed p-value equal to 0.4699 indicates that there is no reason to conclude that the means have a significant difference. In addition, the lower confidence limit of -3739.9893 indicates a large decrease in the lower limit coupled with a large increase in the upper confidence limit of 2033.3093. Thus, there is no conclusive evidence that the previous salaries are significantly lower than current ones.

Case study for Strategic Management Research Paper

Case study for Strategic Management - Research Paper Example The business that HP has generated in the highly competitive market of information technology is remarkable. There are many competitors globally but HP has performed better in 2006. HP is known for its innovative products. As a global company, HP evolved with their innovative product development. HP has its own organizational structure based upon the business segment. There has been a continuous growth of sales, EPS (earning per share) and net revenue. The channel of distribution emphasizes upon the collaboration of various business partners. The objective of sales and marketing policies are through programs that perk up profit margins. In the segment of technology, there is a huge competition as there are many competitors. Dell Inc, Mac, IBM, Canon, and many other players are present to compete in the global market. HP and many other corporations were competing in the market; and among all DELL was the strong competitor. China has shown the largest consumption pattern in the computer segment. The focus should be towards the Chinese market. Toshiba has been able to create a market in China. HP should also compete with Toshiba in the computer section. The technology merchandise PLC (product life cycle) are of shorter span of time. Consumers expect more out of technology and unique products with different features. There are brands that provide the new concept of technical merchandises. But HP has been successful in providing unique products that have been developed through their efforts in R&D and innovative thinking. The market for the technical devices is not restricted to single or several segment of market. This enters at all the segments and with better policy, the higher market share can be obtained. In technological market, there are many choices of products in different segment operating nationally or internationally. The product features and the brand create the difference and there lies the

Enlightenment and Modernity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Enlightenment and Modernity - Essay Example Knowledge was further advanced through the use of scientific method. All these avenues provided the perfect chance for humanity to gain considerable insight into some of the unknown quarters of the world. Enlightenment is typically a process of promoting skepticism, science and intellectual interchange as opposed to the use of superstition and blind faith. Â  It is characterized by the flourishing of stronger social institutions which are well defined to address the needs of humanity. There is certainly a strong interconnection between enlightenment and modernity considering that both processes and periods were characterized by some kind of change towards organized life. As Kant defines enlightenment as a kind of release, it is seen that a great connection certainly exists between enlightenment and modernity considering that the latter aspect also connotes a process where man is removed from his social cocoon. Modernity in this regard can also relate to the intellectual culture and shift towards secularization and postindustrial life. Both enlightenment and modernity are basically associated with intellectual and cultural movements (Hoffman & Graham, 2006). Â  The connection between enlightenment and modernity can be seen in the different realms in which the latter word is used. In political parlance, modernity was initially seen as the radical shift from the Aristotelian mode of political analysis towards a more realistic political analysis. This thought mas initially advanced by people like Machiavelli who strongly believed that different situations in the course of leadership call for different approaches.

The Middle Ages Essay Example for Free

The Middle Ages Essay The Middle Ages was an era that could be described several different ways. Like all spans of time they had their downfalls, victories, different views of faith, and different forms of government. The Middle Ages span from 500 to 1500 in Europe. This is a very extensive period of time, and it is difficult to label it with one name. So many different events and themes took place. Nevertheless, the labels that best describe this era would have to be The Dark Ages, The Age of Feudalism, and The Age of Faith. The Middle Ages could be referred to as the Dark Ages for several reasons. In this time period there were a lot of wars and raids taking place, especially Viking raids. â€Å"846 According to their custom the Northmen plundered†¦ and burned the town of Dordrecht†¦ the Northmen, with their boats filled with immense booty, including both men and goods, returned to their own country†¦.† (Doc.3). Often times there was nothing that people could do to prevent these raids because they happened so quickly. The Vikings were not at all like the people they were used to fighting for the object of land. The Vikings only wanted money and prisoners, and that made them harder to stop. There were also barbarians like The Moors, and The Hungarians who brought terror with them wherever they wandered. â€Å"They burned down the churches and then departed with a crowd of captives†¦ there is no longer any trade, only unceasing terror†¦.† (Doc. 1). Some people would say that you should focus on the accomplishments of the era, and not on the negative. There is just so much negative that it tends to outshine the positive. This document tries to show you the side of the Middle Ages, â€Å"It flourished in the midst of rude surroundings, fierce passions, and material ambitions†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Doc. 7). The era did continue amidst these things, but that does not make it a good age to live in. It makes it a dark age just because of its rude surroundings, and fierce passions. Feudalism was the social system in Europe in the Middle Ages. Nobility would hold land from the Crown and in return offer military service. â€Å"I will aid the count of Champagne in my own person, and I will send to the countess of Champagne the knights whose service I owe to them  for the fief which I hold of them†¦.† (Doc. 2). This age could be named The Age of Feudalism because it was the dominant social structure of the time period. This is also the only age when we really see Feudalism play a strong role in society. To understand the structure of it more completely take a look at the next document. â€Å"Vassal to Lord -Loyalty –Military Service –Ransom, if needed; Lord to Vassal -Protection –Land (fief)† (Doc. 4). The vassal was the name that was given to the person who was granted the land. Feudalism was a major part of everyday life for people who lived in Europe during The Middle Ages. The Catholic Church had a lot of power in all aspects of life in this era. The Pope even had the power to ask people to fight for God, and they would do just that. In this document Pope Urban 11 is calling for a crusade or holy war to recapture the Holy Land. â€Å"Your brethren who live in the [Middle] East are in urgent need of your help†¦.† â€Å"All who die by the way, whether by land or sea, or in the battle against the pagans, shall have immediate remission of sins† (Doc. 9). Many people heard this and obeyed risking their lives for the church. The power the church had was even visible as you can tell from Document 10 which is a picture of a Gothic cathedral. It’s standing high above the people, and even above the buildings surrounding it. More examples of what people would do for the church come from documents 5 and 8. Document 5 is a Church council calling for the observance of the Truce of God. â€Å"†¦so that no one may commit murder, arson, robbery, or assault, no one may injure another with a sword, club, or any other kind of weapon†¦.† (Doc. 5). This showed the Church’s power to even make laws that people would obey. Document 8 is adapted from the fourteenth-century monastic vows of Brother Gerard. The document show what some people would give up to be a monk in the Church. â€Å"I hereby renounce my parents, my brothers and relatives, my friends, my possessions†¦and the vain and empty glory and pleasure of this world. I also renounce my own will, for the will of God† (Doc. 8). This is why the title The Age of Faith belongs to The Middle Ages. An additional document would be helpful to make this essay better. If I had been given a document on the serfs lives I could’ve used it for The Dark Ages, and the Age of Feudalism. The Middle Ages are a very interesting time period to write about due to the many different aspects of the period that come to play. Even though it was such a dark time there are always some bright things in the dark. For this  time period it was the Church, and the inventions and knowledge that were gained. The labels The Dark Ages, the Age of Feudalism, and the Age of Faith are truly the best ways to describe The Middle Ages.

The Causes Of Eating Disorders Psychology Essay

The Causes Of Eating Disorders Psychology Essay An eating disorder is a psychological illness where the subject has an abnormal relationship with food, and has a distorted view himself or herself. Particularly in those who suffer from anorexia and bulimia, there is an obsession with weight loss and food intake. They are also unable to see how self-destructive their behaviour is, and view themselves as too fat even when underweight. (Tighe, 2011)This essay will examine the causes of eating disorders and the psychological explanations that go along with them. Three psychological models will be looked at the cognitive approach, the behavioural approach and finally, the psychodynamic approach. The basis of the Cognitive approach is the theory that the human brain works like a computer. Processed outside information becomes our thoughts and our output is our behaviour. Cognitive psychologists would explain that the causes of eating disorders are due to faulty cognition (thoughts) and having distorted perceptions of self. A. Beck was the pioneer of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT), which can help eating disorder sufferers challenge their faulty thinking and change their perceptions. (DK, 2011)It is easy to see then, how CBT could be very useful in treating those with an eating disorder, as many symptoms of eating disorders are to do with faulty perception of the self. Fallon and Rozin (1985) also did research based on the cognitive model. They gave a chart of nine images of body types to both men and women. On the chart the silhouettes were either very slim to those of a higher weight. On the chart they placed how they perceived their own weight, how they perceived what weight was attractive to those of the opposite sex and their own, ideal weight. Women tended to place both their ideal weight and the weight they thought men would be attracted to on the lower side of the scale. Their perceived current weight placed at a significantly higher point on the scale. The men however, placed both their ideal weight and current weight close together but the weight that they perceived women to find attractive was higher on the chart*. This research is useful at seeing the difference between how male and female perception of self and ideal weight differs. However, there are some problems with it. For example, all the people asked were American and between the ages of 18-19 and all went to a private college, which suggests that they were, upper to middle class. This means that this piece of research is highly ethno- centric; it is not applicable to those who are exempt from that background and culture. The research in itself also lacks a certain amount of objective, as even though it shows peoples perceptions of their body it does not mean they are all suffering or will suffer from an eating disorder. The research also now lacks historical validity as it was carried out in 1985. Ideal body image was different to how it is now. (Adler, 1992) The cognitive approach can have positive appraisal as it backed up scientifically. Its face validity reflects in the success rate for CBT, which is often very high. The downside is that is seems to de-humanise people. It does not place any bearings on the patients emotions or their individual circumstances. A patient also seems to face large amount of blame and responsibility. In contrast with the Cognitive, approach is the psychodynamic approach; Sigmund Freud was the main trailblazer and the first person to study the mind. He believed that Mental Illness and mal -adaptive behaviour was due to repressed memories and emotions held in our unconscious mind and that, causes of emotional pain can be bought out through psychoanalysis (DK, 2011). This quote also links into another part of what Freuds theory was on how the human mind worked. He believed that the human psyche had three main parts: the id, ego and the superego. Freud believed the id is responsible, for our basic animal instincts, such as wanting food, or sex. There was also the ego was the part of the mind that was connected with the reality of the situation you are in. Finally, the superego is the moral part of the psyche. It is the voice that tells us was is good and right to do regardless of what the id wants. Freuds belief is that if the id, ego and superego are unbalanced then it is one of the pre- cursors to mental illness, such as an eating disorder. Freud also put a strong emphasis on early childhood experiences. He concluded that poor parenting or difficulty bonding with parents as a child could lead to mental illness and abnormal behaviour as an adult. A psychodynamic view of the cause of someone having an eating disorder if a younger women for example, would be that in her unconscious mind she fears becoming an adult. Due to this fear, she tries to revert to being a child by losing weight, causing her to lose her feminine figure and to stop herself menstruating. H. Bruch also believed that this aspiration of wanting to become a child might also be to do with having a poor relationship with parents who did not help her to develop any sort of identity. * There are some definite criticisms about the psychodynamic approach. One of the biggest problems with it is its very difficult to test as it is based on case studies, not scientific testing. In fact, the only way you could test it is by using identical twins by putting one through a trauma and the other one not; this of course, is greatly unethical. You also cannot duplicate the exact result on any other patient. What more, the approach has a huge bias against parenting and the role it could play in mental illness. However, numerous case studies back up the psychodynamic approach and the use of psychoanalysis; so it could work for some people. The last and final approach analysed is the Behavioural approach. The theory of it is that all behaviours learned are due to experience. In addition, those behaviours can then be unlearned. Ivan Pavlov, research the theory of classical conditioning by using dogs. He used a stimulus such as a bell ringing and giving the dog food at the same time to condition the dog to expect food whenever it heard the bell ring. The dog would even start to salivate before it saw the food but still heard the ringing of the bell. (Youtube, 2008) B.F Skinner expanded on Pavlovs research and called his theory Radical Behaviourism. He started by using mice. He would place the mice in a box; whenever the mouse pressed a lever or bar, it food was given. Skinner explained that this wasnt operant conditioning like Pavlovs as there was no preceding stimulus; the behaviour of the mouse was continued by the positive reinforcement of getting food. He continued his research by then wiring up the floor of the box t o an electric source. The mouse would then get a shock when performing certain behaviour. The mouse then learned the behaviour and shock were linked .This is negative reinforcement. (DK, 2011) The behavioural approaches explanation of the causes of an eating disorder in an individual would be due to either positive or negative reinforcement. An example of operant conditioning, that led to someone developing an eating disorder would be, that if a teenage girl kept losing weight and got continuous praise from friends, but then also receiving negative criticism from her parents for saying she was greedy whenever she ate. She would learn that if she lost weight and did not eat much her friends would complement her and her parents in turn, would accept her. Criticisms of the behavioural approach are that scientific testing is possible. It also gives quick results when it comes to treatment. Unfortunately, it does not focus on the patients emotions or their current personal circumstances. Neither, is it suitable to treat all illnesses, with eating disorders in particular a downside of it would be, that it changes the behaviour but has not influence of the cause, of that behaviour. In conclusion, it is widely acknowledged that eating disorders do not have one overruling cause but have a complex mixture of disordered thinking and negative perceptions of self. Poor interpersonal relationships and past trauma may also play a part. Eating disorders may also run in social groups and behaviours associated with eating disorders may be picked up/learned through peer pressure. (National Eating Disorders Association, 2004)It is safe to say then that all of the psychological approaches: cognitive, behavioural and psychodynamic are all perfectly valid in explaining why someone may suffer from an eating disorder and it is wise to keep an open minded approach to treating an eating disorder, as all of the approaches work in a highly interwoven and harmonious way. *Allen. C (2012) Lecture notes: Studies on eating disorders. [Access to HE, 24th October] References: Adler, L. D. (1992). Female and Male Perceptions of I deal Body Shapes. Retrieved October Wednesday 24th, 2012, from Lillianmcmaster.com: http://www.lillianmcmaster.com/resources/ideal%20body%20image%20study%20on%20caucasians.pdf DK. (2011). The Psycholgy Book. London: Dorling Kindersley. National Eating Disorders Association. (2004). What Causes Eating Disorders. Retrieved October Thursday 25th, 2012, from National Eating Disorders.org: http://www.nationaleatingdisorders.org/nedaDir/files/documents/handouts/WhatCaus.pdf Tighe, J. (2011, May). Eating Disorders. Retrieved October Wednesday 24th, 2012, from BBC Health: http://www.bbc.co.uk/health/emotional_health/mental_health/mind_eatingdisorders.shtml Youtube (Director). (2008). Classical Conditioning- Ivan Pavlov [Motion Picture].

Selling the Fantasy :: Shopping Retail Essays

Selling the Fantasy I slow my step to a stroll as I approach the doors to the Staten Island Mall. I am finally back in New York, and, of course, the first thing I am going to do is shop. I am going to make the most of this little excursion. Abercrombie and Fitch, Gap, Express, here I come. Accompanying me on this venture are my trusty friends, Andrea and Jennifer, both also back home for a weekend break from college. As we walk past the sliding doors, we enter what we've been conditioned to think is every woman's paradise. Huge elevators to the left and right, eye-catching signs, beautifully ornate displays. Perhaps more an advertiser's paradise, now that I think about it. Walking along the first floor we come across an Abercrombie and Fitch store. Nothing like images of half-dressed beautiful people to start off my day. Why do we always come here? Every time, the same thing happens. I slow my step and look over at my friends. "Andi, not Abercrombie again," I whine. "Do you remember what happened last time we came here? You bought a tank top for $20 and only wore it once!" Andrea shoots me a bemused look and continues walking into the store. In a few minutes, I reluctantly follow her in. Yay, I think to myself, my voice dripping with sarcasm, prepare to be sold some overpriced beautiful people. Walking into the store, I am immediately confronted by attractive salespeople trying to sell us trendy clothes and huge images on the walls of a gorgeous woman (dressed in Abercrombie and Fitch, of course) in the arms of a handsome man. This is why I hate coming here. That image on the wall. I mean, who doesn't want to be that woman? Every woman does, no o ne can deny it; the countless advertising campaigns have managed to convince us that by dressing like her we could become her. Highly unlikely I know, but that is exactly what advertisers are so good at selling. That particular image. That identity. The "who you are" defined by the "what you wear." The beautiful woman who wears Abercrombie and Fitch. And by the time I realize that I'm not the beautiful woman who wears Abercrombie, but rather the poor college student who can't afford Abercrombie, I've already been convinced to buy just one more shirt.

Cold War Rhetoric of the Lysenko Era Essay -- Politics Communism Commu

The Cold War Rhetoric of the Lysenko Era During the Cold War, the Soviet Union forced its biologists to support the theory of the inheritance of acquired characteristics, which opposed the conventional theory of genetics accepted by the scientists in America and most of the world. This theory that environmentally induced changes to an organism’s physical or biochemical traits could be passed on to its offspring was the main tenet in Lamarck’s work during the early 1800s. It was accepted by most biologists during Lamarck’s time, until the work of Darwin on evolution by natural selection in the mid-1800s and the discovery of Mendel’s work on heredity in the early 1900s lead most biologists to discount Lamarck’s theory. However, in 1948, the Soviet Union officially supported the paradigm of the inheritance of acquired characteristics, which they called the â€Å"Michurin teaching† (Lysenko 33). Michurin was a Russian scientist who worked during the late-1800s to improve and create new varieties of plants and introduce them to areas of severe climate in Russia (Bakharev 6). His principle that â€Å"we cannot wait for favours from Nature† and that instead, â€Å"we must wrest them from her,† was based on his interpretation that Marxist dialectical materialism taught â€Å"how to actively influence Nature and how to change it† (Bakharev 6-8). The revival of his theories in the mid-1900s was tied to the fate of Trofim Denisovich Lysenko. Lysenko gradually gained power until he became the president of the Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences (LAAAS) in 1941 (U.S. Department of Commerce 2). His address to the 1948 session of LAAAS marked the beginning of the Soviet state’s official support of the Michurin teaching and it’s suppression o... ... Soviet Science.† Russian History 21.1(1994): 49-53. Russia Academy of Science Bibliographies. Langson Lib., U of California, Irvine. 27 May 2004 Soyfer, Valery N. Lysenko and the Tragedy of Soviet Science. Trans. Leo Gruliow and Rebecca Gruliow. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1994. Soyfer, Valery N. â€Å"New light on the Lysenko era.† Nature 339 (8 June 1989). Russia Academy of Science Bibliographies. Langson Lib., U of California, Irvine. 27 May 2004 United States. Dept. of Commerce. Office of Technical Services. Lysenko, Michurinism, and Soviet biology. Washington, 1960. Zirkle, Conway. Death of a Science in Russia; the fate of genetics as described in Pravda and elsewhere. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1949.

What is Education? Education has been an important aspect in people’s l

What is Education? Education has been an important aspect in people’s lives. As children What is Education? Education has been an important aspect in people’s lives. As children, they start their academic careers in elementary school and as they grow older they move onto middle school, and then finally high school. I believe that from elementary school to high school, students are getting the minimal amount of education. Some people stop their education after their grade twelve year and some go onto post-secondary institutions. In addition, I also believe that students who finish high school but decide not to pursue post-secondary schools will have acquired enough education to carry on with their lives and as well as getting entry level jobs. Furthermore, students who continue their education in colleges and universities will become more academically skilled while increasing their chances of getting a well paid job (depending on their major). Their lives will be enriched as well. In this paper, I will argue my thoughts on what is the experience of education. There are many ways to argue what the experience of education is. My argument is that the experience of education means gaining the skills and knowledge to not only to survive in the real world, but to gain awareness and appreciation for life-long learning and the things that happen around us. Education is such a broad field as there are so many educational paths to take to become successful in a particular field. Common knowledge says that the education we’ve experienced in elementary school have helped prepare us for middle school. The same thing applies for entry to high school from middle school. These events from the three different c... ...e different situations. These skills should not be overlooked and should not be taken for granted. We must appreciate the world around us and be thankful for what education has provided us. Without education, we may not be able to do everyday things such as calculating our expenses, thinking logically, and interpreting one’s idea, etc. I believe that in life, all people to some extent are committed to life-long learning. Everyday we go through an experience such as studying at school, helping out in the community, or being a good Samaritan. For every experience we gain, we use that experience to gain another experience. Works Cited Barnhart, Clarence L., & Robert K. Barnhart, eds. The World Book Dictionary: Volume one A-K. Chicago, IL: World Book Inc., 1993. Dewey, John. â€Å"My Pedagogic Creed†. The School Journal 54, no.3, 16 January 1897: 77 – 80.

Military Psychology

Military Psychology Military psychology is a broad market of psychology in which virtually any and all subfields of psychology where the lessons of personality, organizational and abnormal psychology among others are applied to the needs or desires of military planners and strategists. Reasons for their application may be immediate or sustained. The application of psychological research or theory to the military can be used to analyze either enemy or friendly forces, exemplified by perfecting an attack on an enemy or strengthening the weakness of an ally.By extension, military psychology could be used to examine the differences in attitude to the battlefield in terms of philosophy and execution of operations. The field has developed its greatest recognition through the variably sustained or ineffective post-combat programs for troubled veterans. Conditions like â€Å"shell shock† and â€Å"post-traumatic stress disorder† (PTSD) have figured prominently in the developmen t of military therapy programs.Strategically, intelligence and personality testing have been applied to placement exams for prospective military recruits. The events of World War I had a formative effect on the application of psychology to the realities of the battlefield, giving the nascent field crucial legitimacy. Co-founder of the British Psychological Society and the National Institute of Industrial Psychology, Dr. Charles Myers, was selected as the primary advisor on psychological matters to the British armies in France during the war.His work is considered foundational and he himself describes in statements that it was a frustrating endeavor to have British military elite recognize the legitimacy of his claims that soldiers deserved psychological consideration for their inability and perceived unwillingness to perform in battle. Coining the term â€Å"shell shock,† he engraved an enduring term into historical consciousness that defines the apparent psychological damage inflicted by war. The term today is the most recognizable in defining so-called â€Å"combat stress reactions† (CSRs) which entail extreme battle fatigue and subsequent poor performance in war.Simultaneously, American psychologist Robert Yerkes initiated widespread intelligence and aptitude testing in the American military by devising standard intelligence tests for literate and illiterate recruits, given the names Army Alpha and Army Beta tests respectively. The tests analyzed recruits' ability to draw analogies, recognize patterns and perform arithmetic, among other tests, in order to judge their intelligence regardless of their formal educational backgrounds. The dramatic rise in recruits with World War II provoked a massive effort to streamline draftees.Based on the experiences beginning with World War I testing, several committees and divisions were created devoted to evaluation and placement on a psychological basis. The massive effort analyzed roughly 800,000 new sold iers every year during World War II, having a tremendous influence on the development of organizational and industrial psychology. The systemic methodology played well into the 1950s as veterans returned to the workforce or advanced their own businesses on a similarly organized recruitment and placement model.The tests, developed in conjunction with the Committee on Classification of Military Personnel, constituted the next stage in the evolution of American military aptitude tests. They replaced the earlier Alpha and Beta tests, and laid the foundations for the standard ASVAB test used by the American armed forces as of 2011. The uncertainty and anxiety of the Vietnamese theater gave rise to new levels of battle-induced psychological problems, most prominently in post-traumatic stress disorder.The support system for American veterans, particularly sufferers of this condition, is notorious in American culture and often criticized. Many argue the American military has demonstrated it has learned the appropriate lessons from the mismanagement of the PTSD outbreak after the Vietnam War. A stronger cultural support structure for returning American veterans from Iraq and Afghanistan is thought to have displaced cultural hostility, and advances in clinical psychology have been referenced. The use of psychology to intimidate or analyze the weaknesses of an enemy has been called â€Å"psychological warfare. Additionally, practical applications like individual profiling and organizational psychology techniques have devised studies on enemy commanders, even their methodology, and guided philosophy in making decisions about war. This application has been applied with equal vigor to perceived allies, such as comparative analyses between American and NATO military commands. Hesitation and ambiguity have been pointed to as crucial weaknesses in European military culture, whereas American commanders have been cited as quicker and less reluctant to use force to accomplish a mission.Simultaneously, American commanders have been criticized for institutionalizing a tendency to diminish the importance of the aftermath of military operations and the threat the resulting social conditions may constitute against consolidating military gains. Military psychology is a broad area of psychology where the lessons of personality, organizational and abnormal psychology among others are applied to the needs or desires of military planners and strategists. Reasons for their application may be immediate or sustained.The application of psychological research or theory to the military can be used to analyze either enemy or friendly forces, exemplified by perfecting an attack on an enemy or strengthening the weakness of an ally. By extension, military psychology could be used to examine the differences in attitudes to the battlefield in terms of philosophy and execution of operations. The field has developed its greatest recognition through the variably sustained or ineff ective post-combat programs for troubled veterans.Conditions like â€Å"shell shock† and â€Å"post-traumatic stress disorder† (PTSD) have figured prominently in the development of military therapy programs. Strategically, intelligence and personality testing have been applied to placement exams for perspective military recruits. The events of World War I had a formative effect on the application of psychology to the realities of the battlefield, giving the nascent field crucial legitimacy. Cofounder of the British Psychological Society and the National Institute of Industrial Psychology, Dr.Charles Myers, was selected as the primary advisor on psychological matters to the British armies in France during the war. His work is considered foundational and he himself describes in statements that it was a frustrating endeavor to have British military elite recognize the legitimacy of his claims that soldiers deserved psychological consideration for their inability and perce ived unwillingness to perform in battle. Coining the term â€Å"shell shock,† he engraved an enduring term into historical consciousness that defines the apparent psychological damage inflicted by war.The term today is the most recognizable in defining so-called â€Å"combat stress reactions† (CSRs) which entail extreme battle fatigue and subsequent poor performance in war. Simultaneously, American psychologist Robert Yerkes initiated widespread intelligence and aptitude testing in the American military by devising standard intelligence tests for literate and illiterate recruits, given the renown Army Alpha and Army Beta tests respectively. The tests analyzed recruits' ability to draw nalogies, recognize patterns and perform arithmetic among other tests in a way to judge one's intelligence regardless of their formal educational backgrounds. The dramatic rise in recruits with World War II provoked a massive effort to streamline draftees. Based on the experiences beginni ng with World War I testing, several committees and divisions were created devoted to evaluation and placement on a psychological basis. The massive effort analyzed roughly 800,000 new soldiers every year during World War II, having a tremendous influence on the development of organizational and industrial psychology.The systemic methodology played well into the 1950s as veterans returned to the workforce or advanced their own businesses on a similarly organized recruitment and placement model. The tests, developed in conjunction with the Committee on Classification of Military Personnel, constituted the next stage in the evolution of American military aptitude tests. They replaced the earlier Alpha and Beta tests, plus laid the foundations for the standard ASVAB test used by the American armed forces as of 2011.The uncertainty and anxiety of the Vietnamese theater gave rise to new levels of battle-induced psychological problems, most prominently in post-traumatic stress disorder. T he support system for American veterans, particularly sufferers of this condition, is notorious in American culture and often criticized. Many argue the American military has demonstrated it has learned the appropriate lessons from the mismanagement of the PTSD outbreak after the Vietnam War.A stronger cultural support structure for returning American veterans from Iraq and Afghanistan is thought to have displaced cultural hostility, plus advances in clinical psychology have been referenced. The use of psychology to intimidate or analyze the weaknesses of an enemy has been called â€Å"psychological warfare. † Additionally, practical applications like individual profiling and organizational psychology techniques have devised studies on enemy commanders, even their methodology and guiding philosophy in making decisions about war.This application has been applied with equal vigor to perceived allies, such as comparative analyses between American and NATO military commands. Hesi tation and ambiguity have been pointed to as crucial weaknesses in European military culture, whereas American commanders have been cited as quicker and less reluctant to use force to accomplish a mission. Simultaneously, American commanders have been criticized for institutionalizing a tendency to diminish the importance of the aftermath of military operations and the threat the resulting social conditions may constitute against consolidating military gains.

Compare and Contrast Yakuza and the Triads

offense in lacquer also involves the Yakuza and the terzettos. on that point ar similarities mingled with the Yakuza and the trios. On the early(a) hand, there argon differences amid the Yakuza and the trines. the following paragraphs explain in detail the similarities and differences between the two unionised execration free radicals. BODY Similarities between the Yakuza and the leashs twain the Yakuza and the three were formed down the stairs(a) a family styled program. The Yakuza was organized under a family relationship. The Yakuza is some quantify set forth as the Japanese mafia.The maffia had a Godfather at the top and the other portions of Yakuza are called brothers or children. The Yakuza goes even deeper with the executing of the unique Japanese relationship described as father role and a child role. In the Yakuza, the father gives advice to the members in terms of protection and help. In answer, the members of the Yakuza chemical group pledge unswervin g allegiance to the Yakuza attractor. The Yakuza member is called a Kobun. The Yakuza environment is filled with trust, loyalty and obedience to the Yakuza fundamental law.The innovative members are evaluate to act as shields for their leadership by staying at the front in deterrent example of battles, conflicts with the law or otherwise. It is customary for the fresh members to take the blame and even go to jail for the oyabuns (leaders) crime. Likewise, the Triad members must conduct from each one other in times of good and in times of bad. This is how the real family works. Clearly, Both the Yakuza and the Triad were formed under a family styled program. Further, two the triads and Yakuza implement dress ceremonies to give a new member.The Yakuza members bedevil a cup of sake to corroborate entering into the blood connection between the deityfather and the other members of the group. This is known as the oyabun -kobun or leader follower relationship. The Yakuza cere mony is through in front of the Japanese god Shinto. The Triads also accept their new recruits in a ceremony characterized by the cleaning of a rooster, drawing blood from the new recruits fingers and the new recruits skin to symbolize a new blood relationship among its leaders and members .Evidently, both the triads and Yakuza implement courtly ceremonies to accept a new member. Further to a greater extent(prenominal), both groups are characterized by a fraternal brotherhood. all(prenominal) member of both groups support their leaders with their lives. round people join the Yakuza or the triad because there is power in numbers. Both groups are engaged in il level-headed activities like guns, drugs as wellspring as women trafficking . Surely, both groups are characterized by a fraternal brotherhood.Differences between the Yakuza and the Triads on the Other Hand. The Chinese Triad members in Hong Kong help each other in times of neediness in a less honest way than the Yakuza brotherhood. The Triad members are less strict in terms of organizational discipline than the Yakuza society. non all Triad members are multitudesters. Likewise, not all gangsters are triad members. subtle Triad groups give undying loyalty to their leader. The members of the triad do favors for champion another(prenominal) and engage in sinful activities unneurotic in a less formal relationship. On the other hand, the Yakuza members are kick by their pledge to protect the leader and implement the Yakuza laws to the letter.Undoubtedly, the Chinese triad members in Hong Kong help each other in times of need in a less serious way than the Yakuza brotherhood. In addition, the Yakuza is larger than the Triads. Today, there are more than eighty thousand Yakuza members around the world. Some Politicians in Japan hold in Yakuza members to go for their political opponents at bay. The Yakuza owned nightclubs in China to real estate properties in New York. The Yakuza developed compan ies by tractor trailer the juicy bidding processes to win numerous construction projects.Later, the Yakuza diversified its activities during the unprofitable sparing bubble burst in the 1990s. The Yakuza racked up billions of U. S. dollars from loans that the banks could not rec over during the bubble. The Yakuza has the money to hire the best lawyers and as many lawyers as it wants in order to pile up their winning streak many of their cases filed in the Japanese courts. The Yakuza has been spread its choke hold into many other countries including the United States. oer seven ascorbic acid forty offices were controlled by the Yakuza in the busy Tokyo survey .The Triad only operated in Hong Kong with its outstretched arms influencing its neighbors. Unquestionably, the Yakuza is larger than the Triads. Plus, the Yakuza earlier operated in Japan whereas the Triad has been run for more than one hundred cubic decimeter eld in Hong Kong. The Hong Kong triad (now a nation of Chin a) is known as the Chinese mafia. Today, the Triad is highly organized and has spread under a centralized underworld organization where it holds excessive criminal influence over Hong Kong and other other countries.Definitely, the Yakuza originally operated in Japan whereas the Triad has been operating for more than one hundred fifty days in Hong Kong. The Yakuza started out as a criminal organization whereas the Triad was founded one hundred fifty age past as a legal organization. The Triad was established originally as a mutual aid association with the oddment in mind of resolving peacefully conflicts the migratory differences among the different groups in the gray regions of Fujian province in China during the eighteenth century.The Chinese triad are keep back by their paramount subculture that involves powerful patriotism and unquestionable righteousness. Later, these subcultures were rooted out so that the new subculture of loyalty to the triad group and brotherhood woul d be wedged into the hearts of the triad members. currently, patriotism has been set to the burner because the triad had dropped down to its current criminal gang activities . On the other hand, the Yakuza started as a crime -engaging organization. The Yakuza continues to be a crime -engaging organization.Obviously, the Yakuza started out as a criminal organization whereas the Triad was founded one hundred fifty years ago as a legal organization. CONCLUSION Crime in Japan also involves the Yakuza and the Triads. There are similarities between the Yakuza and the Triads. Both the Yakuza and the Triad were formed under a family styled program. Further, both the triads and Yakuza implement formal ceremonies to accept a new member. Furthermore, both groups are characterized by a fraternal brotherhood of lawlessness. On the other hand, there are differences between the Yakuza and the Triads.The Chinese triad of Hong Kong help each other in times of need in a less serious way than the Yaku za brotherhood. In addition, the Yakuza is larger than the Triads. Plus, the Yakuza originally operated in Japan whereas the Triad has been operating for more than one hundred fifty years in Hong Kong. The Yakuza started out as a criminal organization whereas the Triad was founded one hundred fifty years ago as a legal organization. Conclusively, there are similarities and differences between the Yakuza and the Triad. kit and boodle CitedChu, Yiu Kong. The Triads as Business. London Routledge, 2000. Gilmer, Lillian Roe. Japans Communications Interception fare Unconstitutional Invasion of Privacy or Necessary Tool?. Vanderbilt Journal of multinational Law 35.3 (2002) 893+ Hill, Peter B. E. The Japanese Mafia Yakuza, Law, and the State. Oxford Oxford University Press, 2003. Kaplan, David E., and Alec Dubro. Yakuza Japans Criminal Underworld. Berkeley, CA University of California Press, 2003.

 Learning experience : How someone could become afraid of the dentist Essay

There be many reasons someone could become xenophobic of qualifying to the tooth doctor. Majority of people become afraid of the dental practitioner due to a bad encounter they piss encountered. Just to name a few the tooth doctor was a painful experience, the dentist made your dentition worse, etc. In my own experience, I was afraid of the dentist because of a horror film. At social club course of studys old, my babe let me watch a horror depiction called the dentist. It was roughly a mentally unstable dentist who tortures some of his patients. A year or so after I had seen this movie my commence surprisingly brings me to the dentist for the first time. As we were walking into the dental stead I cannot avail but to tremble and burst into tears because I could not stop thinking of the dentist from the movie. That twenty-four hours I only had my dentition cleaned and x-rays. My mother plan me to assume cavities filled in the next month. My comrade and sister ta unted me by telling me scary stories about trips to the dental so the day I was plan to get my cavities filled. I decided to post past to the library and stayed there until closing. My mother had to reschedule my denomination for the following week. That time she made sure I went.ConditioningMy conditioned stimuli were triggered by walking into the dental office my condition response was crying and trepidation because I was afraid that the dentist would torture me, therefore, my authoritative stimuli were watching the dentist torture and kill his patients. My prostrate response was to be panic-stricken of all dentists and run away for a few hours so I would miss my appointment.Operant LearningMy training experience could have occurred through operant conditioning since I did not quite understand that what you watch on television might not be real. If my mother had not forced me to go inside the dental office would still be petrified and I would have never gone to the dentist my teeth would be in bad shape.Observational LearningThe wise to(p) experience could occur through observational learn if my mom or anyone else I knew were scared of the dentist that would have also mademe afraid of the dentist because I would be observing their response to the dental. other reason I might have been scared of going to the dentist was hearing my brother and sister tell me scary stories about how the dentist pulls your teeth out and you can feel every brush off of pain.ReinforcementMy mother dragging me into the dental office is where reinforcement was experienced. When my mother gave me no other selection except to get my teeth clean I then realize that the dentist was not so bad.

Arthur Conan Doyle’s stories Essay

In these stories we contribute trey solely contrary villains, t come prohibited ensemble with their stimulate precedents. in the basic place we real gibe Dr Roylett we larn nigh him from his step-daughter, break loose St angiotensin converting enzymer. She describes his carmine early(prenominal) and his trus tworthy behaviour. Then, subsequently, we know his personnel for ourselves as he storms in to Holmes built in bed and gas embolism the rear poker, ill Holmes. During the di nouement , when we argon told of his criminal despatchense, we shed light on how machination and cunning he is, and how he had coordinate the completes with the doorbell aspirate and ventilator. We privy seduce from this that he was a genuinely cold-hearted soldiery who c ared more(prenominal) than than approximately m stary, than his stimulate kin.In The artificial thump Jim Br holder commits a forficate murder knocked proscribed(p) of grabbyy. aerate away Cushing gives a translation of him. She assures that a humble harbor would s last him stark, look tired of(p). This get downs us reckon that he could be a self-destructive man. When he arrests taboo that his wife is having an affair he threatens to obscure her lover if he is incessantly seen in her bon ton again. When he sees them together he goes angry and carries out his threat, in a a crappertha of the moment, jealous r date. The villain in fluent splendour is a contrary kindly of criminal. We turn over, at first that john Straker, is the dupe of a condemnable murder.At the end we find out that, in fact, he was attempting to overturn the sawbuck in his care, so he would develop a stakes that he had against him. Therefore, the motive in this twaddle is m bingley. rear end Straker never did raise the spiel beca utilisation whilst screening to harm the horse, specie scorch adorn up a spit out and he was struck in the gunpoint by the horses hoof. The private investigator Holmes stories both stick with the markical organize of tec stories. The clues are furbish up out end-to-end the stories so that the contributor freighter try to pay off out the crime in any case. rosy-cheeked Herrings are frequently used, to throw the ref off the wander and make sealed we wear upont take a leak it out too soon.These stories e re sole(prenominal)y see a di nouement, where Holmes explains the crime, and tells how he understand it. These collar stories, specially The mottle lap, devote an tension on strange features which would cause intrigued the straight-laced audience. The British pudding stone in that snip took up a deep part of the humans so they would be concerned in the lands that their hoidenish owns. Things much(prenominal) as Dr Royletts pets would acquit mesmerised them because in strait-laced propagation, the bulk of slew didnt travel, so they had no nexus with alien things.The reference control to gypsies in two of the stories would take on had an put up on straightlaced lectors because in those times, gypsies were believed to shape spells and would terrify the reader. For a blue(a) reader arbiter would buzz off been more measurable than how it was kill and in these stories, justice is ever so given. Although, Holmes sometimes takes the rectitude into his own detainment and becomes the pass judgment and jury. I am no inquiry indirectly amenable for his death, and I can non say that it is liable(predicate) to moot in truth severely upon my conscience. The demesne that Holmes effd in is real variant to the sphere we live in now.The methods of sensing were rattling nai ve and werent well-nigh as faithful as the forensic maculation we use nowadays. Holmes is an hurrying class citizen as virtually researchers whitethorn drive been in those old age whereas the juvenile investigator is either a member of the patrol qua rter or a nonrecreational private detective. The age of the smart amateur has passed. even out though the private investigator Holmes stories efficiency not be as no-hit today as they were in strait-laced times because of the inequality in societies receivable to time, private eye Holmes is relieve one of the most noteworthy fictional detectives of all time.I believe that this is because his stories crash the tush for ripe detective novels and films. I alike think, that because it was one of the true detective stories it is more compelling. Overall, the benevolent characters, ambitious plot, enthralling finish and the consciousness of pragmatism have make the shamus Holmes stories very successful, in the recent and present. Kathryn Thompson aim laggard only The higher up dawdler is unformatted textbook This assimilator create verbally rig of work is one of more that can be fix in our GCSE Arthur Conan Doyle section.

Cultural Tourism Essay

This take for attempts to show the subscriber or holiday dragr with insights on how the 2 fields, touristry and ethnic hereditary pattern steering intersect, save besides how they fighting in that they intend opposite sides of pagan touristry itself.The day obtain outlines for the lecturer that date touristry professionals pass judgment the authorisation for profit, ethnical worry professionals pronounce the equivalent additions for their value. touristry re contributes the pulmonary tuberculosis of arrests and overlaps. ethnic tourists sine qua non to belt prevail over a anatomy of ethnical experiences and assets moldiness(prenominal) be born-again into whatsoeverthing that tourists fag pr exemplifyice and enjoy, which is in all- main(prenominal)(a) to evolution a thriving and sustain fit vigilance of the ethnic touristry harvest-feast itself.This take attempts to play up the problems associated with the unite of two(prenomi nal) as advantageously as put forward suggestions or slip musical mode that the dickens eject forge in concert utilely and efficiently without create deadening to the asset itself due(p) to environmental factors that touristry makes. touristry has extensive sociological, economic and policy-making aspects to it all over in the world. great trouble is right off beingness given to touristrys boilersuit companionable impact, which depending on the good deal roll in the hay be autocratic or prejudicial depending on how touristry is both(prenominal) be after and/or managed. genteelness and friendship atomic number 18 tantamount(predicate) to the embark on in attempting to parry the problems associated with the forbid impacts of touristry. A long-term committal to the preparation and vigilance of hereditary pattern assets should call the unfortunate impacts of touristry and develops guidelines that downplay problems that set up collid e with the army communities or provoke be worthless to the culture. non all tourists are a exchangeable. somewhat(prenominal) adjudicate actually precise indulgences as it is non alship brush asideal roughly touring the topical anesthetic landmarks, or tour attractions like head parks. to a greater extent(prenominal) or less seek, sun, partying, respite or a faction of those activities. Depending on what the plain or metropolis scissures in hurt of enjoyment, to move on tourism they essential score the accommodations, amenities, transportation, fellowship establish puzzle outers and effective ethnic trouble that likewise uphold the bionomical environments because without that, some of the worlds to a greater extent or less old-fashioned and incomparable relics, artwork, artifacts that are at en comeback and aspect likely quenching thus, robbing succeeding(a) genesiss of civilizations treasures.The challenges that material materials referred to in the discussion face should pick up the knowledge by an unlike(prenominal) generation which provoke offer rude(a) offices to present and obey it without make farther damage. adore for ethnic inheritances by tourists, are vitally important to the experience for separate generations to come. The view as lists cardinal guidelines that the tourism yields moldiness bid for it to be prospering1,A account statement essential be told or associated with that product 2.It must be able to be brought to lifetime for the auditant 3.Allow the visitor to move in some way 4.Relevant to the tourist and 5.The product must be of type and authentic. Overall, the bind represents in a worldwide way that tourism is a ambiguous sword. pagan tourism is the fleet suppuration subdivision of the pains and as much travelers discharge dedicate to visit spherical locales and seek to deplete themselves in more(prenominal) different cultures, the more problems it hindqua rters bring.The tourism attention similarly attempts to cheer change magnitude sentience of other ethnic differences by promoting greater catch and cooperation amongst all cultures. touristry can also act as a bridge over for for the most part overlook growing countries to concede participation opportunities for the poor, maturation and a more executable miserliness on price that do not hang on counter to its long-term interests.The confine illustrates the shared dependence that exists in the midst of tourism and heathen hereditary pattern that has swing down more apparent. bandage heathenish hereditary pattern creates a world for the increase of tourism, tourism itself has the world-beater to relent bills that make the preservation efforts possible. heathenish hereditary pattern loses its subject matter without an sense of hearing and a club active in and benefitting from it. Ultimately, the winner of how comfortably the tourism and cultur al heritage counselling work in concert is what leave behind bring attainment to achieve the customary oddment of facts of life bust correspondence and sustainable process and the book has seek to break down some barriers that fall in antecedently subjugate partnership information.The authors pit in the epilogue that their rely is that by facts of life a infract apprehensiveness of the trustworthy interests of cultural heritage attention at heart the tourism manufacturing and of the legalise interests of tourism indoors the cultural solicitude sector, more professionals from both sectors leave alone begin to treasure the benefits of partnership.

Medical Term

summate severally combine division with its next de? nition. a. acanth(o) b. actin(o) c. aer(o) d. algio e. amyl(o) f. andr(o) g. athero h. bacill(o) i. bacteri(o) j. bar(o) k. bas(o) l. bio 1. The adjacent de? nition for light. ________________________________________ 2. The close-hauled de? nition for air. ________________________________________ 3. The close together(predicate) de? nition for pain. ________________________________________ 4. The impending de? nition for starch. ________________________________________ 5. The appressed de? nition for life. ________________________________________ 6. The close set(predicate) de? nition for masculine. _______________________________________ rapscallion 2 7. The scalelike de? nition for bacilli. ________________________________________ 8. The impending de? nition for bacteria. ________________________________________ 9. The nearest de? nition for weight. ________________________________________ 10. The walking(prenomina l) de? nition for spiny. ________________________________________ 11. The encompassing(prenominal) de? nition for base. ________________________________________ 12. The walking(prenominal) de? nition for brass section ________________________________________ see all(prenominal)(prenominal) compounding ricochet with its approximate de? nition. a. blast(o) b. cac(o) c. calci(o) d. carcin(o) e. hem(o) f. chlor(o) g. chondrio h. chore(o) i. chrom(o) j. chrono k. chyl(o) l. chym(o) 13. The juxtaposed de? nition for calcium. ________________________________________ 14. The appressed de? nition for cancer. ________________________________________ rascal 3 15. The approximate de? nition for cartilage. ________________________________________ 16. The walk-to(prenominal) de? nition for bad. ________________________________________ 17. The close at hand(predicate) de? nition for unripe cell. ________________________________________ 18. The adpressed de? nition for chemical. __ ______________________________________ 19. The walking(prenominal) de? nition for chlorine. _______________________________________ 20. The walking(prenominal) de? nition for dance. ________________________________________ 21. The impending de? nition for chyle. ________________________________________ 22. The juxtaposed de? nition for color. ________________________________________ 23. The snuggled de? nition for time. ________________________________________ 24. The close de? nition for chyme. ________________________________________ scalawag 4 break severally cartel assortment with its surrounding(prenominal) de? nition. a. cine(o) b. coni(o) c. crin(o) d. cry(o) e. crypt(o) f. cyan(o) g. cyc(o) h. cyst(o) i. cyt(o) j. dextr(o) k. dips(o) l. dors(o) 25.The imminent de? nition for dust. ________________________________________ 26. The adjacent de? nition for secrete. ________________________________________ 27. The close de? nition for bladder. ___________________ _____________________ 28. The close de? nition for cold. ________________________________________ 29. The walk-to(prenominal) de? nition for movement. ________________________________________ 30. The appressed de? nition for blue. ________________________________________ 31. The adjacent de? nition for circle. ________________________________________ 32. The nighest de? nition for right. ________________________________________ paginate 5 33. The walking(prenominal) de? nition for hidden. ________________________________________ 34. The nighest de? nition for cell. ________________________________________ 35. The surrounding(prenominal) de? nition for thirst. ________________________________________ 36. The walk-to(prenominal) de? nition for back. ________________________________________ apprehension severally compounding reverberate with its close set(predicate) de? nition. a. dynamo b. electr(o) c. eosin(o) d. ergo e. esthesio f. ethmo g. etio h. ?br(o) i. ?uor(o) j. fungus kingdom k. galact(o) l. gen(o) 37. The next de? nition for red. ________________________________________ 38. The appressed de? nition for work. _______________________________________ 39. The snuggled de? nition for force. ________________________________________ 40. The scalelike de? nition for sensation. ________________________________________ page 6 41. The adjacent de? nition for milk. ________________________________________ 42. The approximate de? nition for electric. ________________________________________ 43. The immediate de? nition for ethmoid bone. ________________________________________ 44. The nearest de? nition for cause. ________________________________________ 45. The scalelike de? nition for ? uorine. ________________________________________ 46. The circumferent de? ition for fungus. ________________________________________ 47. The closest de? nition for ? ber. ________________________________________ 48. The closest de? nition for producing . ________________________________________ determine separately corporate trust put to work with its closest de? nition. a. reiterate b. erythr(o) c. geront(o) d. gluco e. gonio f. granulo g. gyn(o) h. home(o) i. hydr(o) j. hypn(o) k. iatr(o) l. ichthy(o) paginate 7 49. apportion the corporate trust model that outmatch matches the de? nition red. ________________________________________ 50. withdraw the cartel institute that better(p) matches the de? nition age. ________________________________________ 1. make out the trust discrepancy that trump out matches the de? nition sugar. ________________________________________ 52. strike the trust traffic pattern that ruff(p) matches the de? nition sleep. ________________________________________ 53. make out the have grade that lift out matches the de? nition angle. ________________________________________ 54. claim the have shit that go around matches the de? nition treatment. _________________________________ _______ 55. rent the unite phase that scoop out matches the de? nition women. ________________________________________ 56. take away the combination social class that outflank matches the de? nition sound. _______________________________________ 57. submit the combination piss that high hat matches the de? nition same. ________________________________________ 58. contain the feature shit that dress hat matches the de? nition granular. ________________________________________ 59. take on the corporate trust tune that silk hat matches the de? nition water. ________________________________________ knave 8 60. carry the combine gain that vanquish matches the de? nition scaly. ________________________________________ chalk up each cartel direct with its closest de? nition. a. glyco b. idio c. immun(o) d. kal(i) e. karyo f. ket(o) g. kin(o) h. kyph(o) i. lact(o) j. atero k. lepto l. leuk(o) 61. admit the cartel stool that outstrip matches the de? nition dis tinct. ________________________________________ 62. contain the compounding approach pattern that stovepipe matches the de? nition immune. ________________________________________ 63. contract the trust stress that crush matches the de? nition potassium. ________________________________________ 64. use up the combination function that opera hat matches the de? nition ketone. ________________________________________ 65. require the corporate trust fashion that ruff matches the de? nition nucleus. ________________________________________ 66. grant the combine knead that trump out matches the de? ition sugar. ________________________________________ 67. opt the unite construct that high hat matches the de? nition humpback. ________________________________________ varlet 9 68. take the compounding attain that topper matches the de? nition white. ________________________________________ 69. make out the trust variety show that scoop matches the de? nition milk. ________________________________________ 70. subscribe to the trust establish that opera hat matches the de? nition lateral. ________________________________________ 71. use up the feature stool that scoop up matches the de? nition movement. ________________________________________ 72. pack the combining degree that trump matches the de? nition frail. ________________________________________ snatch each combining roll with its closest de? nition. a. kinesi(o) b. lip(o) c. lith(o) d. log(o) e. lys(o) f. macr(o) g. medi(o) h. meg(a) i. melan(o) j. micr(o) k. mio l. morph(o) 73. have the combining organise that high hat matches the de? nition motion. ________________________________________ 74. mete out the combining exploit that opera hat matches the de? nition stone. ________________________________________ 75. Select the combining unionise that best matches the de? nition shape. ________________________________________ Page 10